segunda-feira, agosto 28, 2006

O império Holandês-I

Como é que um grupo de revoltosos por motivos religiosos conseguiu criar por alguns anos uma das maiores potências marítimas?
De uma forma resumida: na década de 1560, as províncias do sul (habitualmente chamada de Flandres), viram uma parte importante converter-se ao calvinismo. A repressão espanhola não tardou e muitos dos calvinistas fugiram para as províncias do norte (que se tinham mantido católicas). Expulsando os padres da igreja católica (ao contrário do que sucedera no sul, em que os padres se tinham convertidos em ministros protestantes), sem poder impor à população a nova religião, conseguiram pelo menos apropriar-se do governo das 7 províncias. A província da Holanda começou (com o afluxo de refugiados do sul) a dedicar-se à pirataria, e ao fechar a entrada do rio escalda ao porto de Antuérpia (o grande porto do sul), liquidou o comércio das províncias do sul, tendo Amesterdão no norte substituído Antuérpia. Grupos de mercadores associavam-se (para minimizar as perdas) e começaram a enviar pequenas frotas para o oriente (até então monopólio dos portugueses): apesar de por vezes as perdas incluírem ¾ dos barcos, os lucros chegavam aos 400 %. O dinheiro era em parte investido noutros negócios (como seguro no caso das coisas correrem mal), mas a maior parte era reinvestido em novas frotas. Ao fim de alguns anos, os mercadores começaram a associar-se em companhias que se disputavam (havia uma média uma companhia por província); para evitar as rivalidades, essas companhias fundiram-se, criando a companhia das índias ocidentais, e a companhia das ilhas orientais. Assim formava-se uma forte e rica classe de mercadores com espírito de iniciativa, que contrastava com as monarquias ibéricas, em que a Coroa detinha o monopólio dos comércios mais lucrativos, com pesadas burocracias.
À medida que os anos passando, as 2 companhias deixaram de ter um carácter estritamente comercial, e começaram a conquistar territórios (sobretudo aos portugueses), ocupando parte do Brasil, Angola, etc. A ocupação de territórios exigia a manutenção de guarnições e frotas de defesa ao mesmo tempo que os inimigos europeus aumentavam (e mesmo os indígenas que deixavam de os ver como libertadores para meros novos ocupantes), perdendo boa parte dos seus territórios e da sua parte do comércio. Acabaram por ficar apenas com alguns enclaves nas Antilhas, Suriname, Indonésia, e uma colónia no cabo destinada a ter um curioso destino.

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